Umgebengu Ongabonakali We-AI: Ukudalula Ukuchema Ngaphakathi
Uchungechunge lwebhulogi ye-Bias: ingxenye 1
Isingeniso
Ezweni lethu lezinhlobo zobuhlakani zokwenziwa ezikhulayo, imishini enikezwe umsebenzi wokwenza izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi iya ngokuya idlanga. Kunendikimba ekhulayo yezincwadi ekhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-AI emikhakheni eyahlukene efana neBhizinisi, ukuthathwa kwezinqumo okusezingeni eliphezulu, kanye naseminyakeni embalwa edlule emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Ngalokhu kudlondlobala, nokho, abantu baye baqaphela mayelana nokuthambekela kwezinhlelo ezishiwo; Okusho ukuthi, ngenkathi eklanyelwe ngokwemvelo ukulandela amaphethini kudatha, abonise izimpawu zokucwasa, ngendlela yokuthi ukuziphatha okuhlukahlukene kobulili nokubandlulula kungabonwa. Okwakamuva Umthetho we-AI waseYurophu, ihlanganisa futhi indaba yobandlululo olunjalo futhi ibeka isisekelo sokubhekana nezinkinga ezihlobene nalo.
Kuyo yonke iminyaka yokubhalwa kwemibhalo yezobuchwepheshe, abantu baye bathambekela ekusebenziseni igama elithi “ukuchema” ukuchaza lolu hlobo lokuziphatha olusontekile maqondana nezibalo ezithile zabantu; igama elinencazelo ehlukayo, elidala ukudideka futhi libe nzima umsebenzi wokubhekana nalo.
Lesi sihloko singesokuqala ochungechungeni lwamabhulogi afaka isihloko sokuchema. Kulolu chungechunge, sizohlose ukukunikeza ukuqonda okucacile, nokugayekayo kokuchema ku-AI. Sizokwethula izindlela zokulinganisa nokunciphisa ukuchema futhi sihlole indima yedatha yokwenziwa kule ndlela eya kumasistimu anobulungiswa. Futhi sizokunikeza ukubheka ukuthi u-Syntho, umdlali ohamba phambili ekukhiqizeni idatha yokwenziwa, angaba negalelo kanjani kulo mzamo. Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungudokotela ofuna imininingwane engasebenza noma ufuna ukwazi ngalesi sihloko, usendaweni efanele.
Ukuchema Esenzweni: Isibonelo Somhlaba Wangempela
Kungenzeka ukuthi uyazibuza, “Lokhu kuchema ku-AI kubalulekile, kodwa kusho ukuthini kimina, kubantu abajwayelekile?” Iqiniso liwukuthi, umphumela ufinyelela kude, ngokuvamile awubonakali kodwa unamandla. Ukuchema ku-AI akuwona umqondo nje wezemfundo; kuyinkinga yomhlaba wangempela enemiphumela emibi.
Thatha isibonelo senhlalakahle yezingane yaseDutch. Isistimu ezenzakalelayo, okuthiwa iyithuluzi elakhelwe ukukhiqiza imiphumela enobulungiswa nephumelelayo ngokungenelela okuncane komuntu, yayichemile. Ihlabe umkhosi ngokungalungile izinkulungwane zabazali ngokukhwabanisa ngokusekelwe kudatha enephutha nokuqagela. Umphumela? Imindeni iphonswe esiphithiphithini, isithunzi somuntu sonakalisiwe, kanye nobunzima bezezimali, konke lokhu kungenxa yokuchema Ohlelweni lwe-AI. Izibonelo ezinjengalezi ezigqamisa ukuphuthuma kokubhekana nokuchema ku-AI.
Umthombo: “Ukunxephezela ouders toeslagenaffaire kan zomaar tot 2030 duren”, 2023. US
Kodwa masingayeki lapho. Lesi sigameko akusona isigameko esodwa sokuchema esidala umonakalo. Umthelela wokuchema ku-AI udlulela kuwo wonke amagumbi ezimpilo zethu. Kusukela kubani oqashwa umsebenzi, ubani ogunyazwa ukubolekwa imali, kuya kubani othola uhlobo lokwelashwa - amasistimu e-AI achemile angaqhubeza ukungalingani okukhona futhi adale amasha.
Cabanga ngalokhu: uhlelo lwe-AI oluqeqeshelwe idatha yomlando echemile lunganqabela ikhandidethi eliqeqeshwe kahle umsebenzi ngenxa nje yobulili noma ubuzwe balo. Noma isistimu ye-AI echemile ingase yenqabe ukubolekwa umuntu ofanelekayo ngenxa yekhodi yeposi. Lezi akuzona nje izimo ezicatshangelwayo; ziyenzeka manje.
Izinhlobo ezithile zokuchema, ezifana ne-Historical Bias and Measurement Bias, ziholela ezinqumweni ezinjalo ezinamaphutha. Zingokwemvelo kudatha, zigxile ngokujulile ekuchemani komphakathi, futhi zibonakala emiphumeleni engalingani phakathi kwamaqembu ezibalo zabantu. Bangahlanekezela izinqumo zamamodeli abikezelayo futhi baphumele ekuphathweni ngendlela engafanele.
Ohlelweni oluhle lwezinto, ukuchema ku-AI kungasebenza njengomgqugquzeli othule, ngobuqili ebumbe umphakathi wethu nempilo yethu, imvamisa ngezindlela esingaziboni. Wonke la maphuzu ashiwo ngenhla angase akuholele ekubuzeni ukuthi kungani zingakathathwa izinyathelo zokumisa, nokuthi kungenzeka yini.
Ngempela, ngentuthuko entsha yezobuchwepheshe kuba lula ukufinyeleleka ukubhekana nenkinga enjalo. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokubhekana nale nkinga, nokho, ukuqonda nokuvuma ubukhona bayo kanye nomthelela wayo. Okwamanje, ukuvunywa kokuba khona kwayo sekudaliwe, okushiya indaba “yokuqonda” ingakacaci kahle.
Ukuqonda Ukuchema
Ngenkathi incazelo yoqobo yokuchema njengoba yethulwe yi- Isichazamazwi seCambridge ayisuki kude kakhulu nenhloso eyinhloko yegama njengoba ihlobene ne-AI, izincazelo eziningi ezahlukene kufanele zenziwe ngisho nale ncazelo eyodwa. Taxonomies, njengalezo ezethulwa abacwaningi ezifana I-Hellström et al (2020) futhi I-Kliegr (2021), hlinzeka ngemininingwane ejulile encazelweni yokuchema. Ukubheka kalula lawa maphepha kuzoveza, nokho, ukuthi ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwencazelo yegama kuyadingeka ukuze kubhekwane nenkinga ngempumelelo.
Nakuba kuwushintsho lwezehlakalo, ukuze kuchazwe kahle futhi kudluliselwe incazelo yokuchema umuntu angachaza kangcono okuphambene, lokho kuwubuLungisa.
Ukuchaza Ubulungisa
Njengoba kuchazwa ezincwadini ezihlukahlukene zakamuva ezifana Castelnovo et al. (2022), ukulunga kungachazwa ngokunikezwa ukuqonda kwegama elithi indawo engaba khona. Njengoba sikhona, indawo engaba khona (PS) isho izinga lamakhono nolwazi lomuntu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyingxenye yeqembu elithile labantu. Uma kubhekwa le ncazelo yomqondo we-PS, umuntu angachaza kalula ukulunga ukuthi ukulingana kwempatho phakathi kwabantu ababili be-PS elinganayo, kungakhathaliseki umehluko obonakalayo nofihlekile wemingcele yokuheha ukwenzelela (njengobuhlanga, ubudala, noma ubulili). Noma yikuphi ukuphambukisa kule ncazelo, okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi Ukulingana Kwamathuba, kuyinkomba ecacile yokuchema futhi kudinga uphenyo olwengeziwe.
Izisebenzi phakathi kwabafundi zingase ziqaphele ukuthi ukuzuza okuthile njengoba kuchazwe lapha kungase kungenzeki nhlobo uma kubhekwa ukuchema okungokwemvelo okukhona emhlabeni wethu. Lokho kuyiqiniso! Umhlaba esiphila kuwo, kanye nayo yonke idatha eqoqwe ngezenzakalo kulo mhlaba, kungaphansi kokuchema okuningi komlando nezibalo. Lokhu, ngempela, kunciphisa ukuzethemba kosuku olulodwa okunciphisa ngokugcwele umthelela wokuchema kumamodeli aqagelayo aqeqeshwe kudatha “echemile” enjalo. Nokho, ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, umuntu angazama ukunciphisa imithelela yokuchema. Uma kunjalo, amagama asetshenziswe kukho konke lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi azoshintshela emcabangweni wokunciphisa umthelela wokuchema kunokukunciphisa ngokugcwele.
Kulungile! Ngakho-ke njengoba sekuveziwe umbono wokuthi kuyini ukuchema nokuthi umuntu angabuhlola kanjani ubukhona bakho; Uma sifuna ukubhekana nenkinga ngendlela efanele, noma kunjalo, sidinga ukwazi ukuthi konke lokhu kubandlulula kuvelaphi.
Ukuqonda Imithombo nezinhlobo
Ucwaningo olukhona luhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zokuchema ekufundeni komshini. Njengoba Mehrabi et. al. (2019) baye baqhubeka nokuhlukanisa ukwenzelela ekufundeni komshini, umuntu angahlukanisa ukuchema abe yizigaba ezi-3 ezinkulu. Okungukuthi labo:
- Idatha eya ku-Algorithm: isigaba sokuncoma ukuncoma okuvela kudatha ngokwayo. Kungenzeka lokho kubangelwe ukuqoqwa kwedatha okungalungile, ukuchema okukhona emhlabeni, njll.
- I-algorithm eya kumsebenzisi: isigaba esigxile ekuchemani okuvela ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwama-algorithms. Kuhlanganisa ukuthi ama-algorithms angahumusha, akale, noma acabangele amaphuzu athile edatha ngaphezu kwamanye, okungaholela emiphumeleni echemile.
- Umsebenzisi kudatha: iphathelene nokuchema okuvela ekusebenzisaneni komsebenzisi nesistimu. Indlela abasebenzisi abafaka ngayo idatha, ukuchema kwabo okungokwemvelo, noma ngisho nokwethemba kwabo emiphumeleni yesistimu kungaba nomthelela emiphumeleni.
Umfanekiso 1: Ukuboniswa ngeso lohlaka lwe-CRSP-DM lokumbiwa kwedatha; evame ukusetshenziswa ekumbiweni kwedatha futhi ehambisana nenqubo yokuhlonza izigaba lapho ukuchema kungaba khona khona.
Nakuba amagama eyinkomba yendlela yokuchema, umuntu angase abe nemibuzo mayelana nezinhlobo zokuchema umuntu angase azihlukanise ngaphansi kwalezi zimiso zesambulela. Kwabashisekayo phakathi kwabafundi bethu, sinikeze izixhumanisi kwezinye izincwadi ezihlobene nalesi sigaba samagama kanye nokuhlukaniswa. Ukuze kube lula kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizofaka ukukhetha okumbalwa okubalulekile okuhambisana nesimo (Cishe zonke eziyingxenye yedatha yesigaba kuya ku-algorithm). Izinhlobo eziqondile zokuchema zimi kanje:
- Ukuchema Komlando: Uhlobo lokuchema olungokwemvelo kudatha ebangelwa ukuchema okungokwemvelo okukhona emhlabeni emaqenjini omphakathi ahlukene kanye nomphakathi uwonke. Kungenxa yemvelo yale datha emhlabeni ukuthi ayikwazi ukuncishiswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zamasampula nokukhetha izici.
- Ukuchema Kokulinganisa Nokumelela: Lokhu kuchema okubili okusondelene okusondelene kwenzeka lapho amaqoqo amancane ahlukene edathasethi equkethe amanani angalingani emiphumela "evumayo". Ngakho-ke lolu hlobo lokuchema lungahlanekezela umphumela wamamodeli abikezelayo
- I-algorithmic Bias: Ukuchema okuhlobene ngokuphelele ne-algorithm esetshenziswayo. Njengoba kuphinde kwabonwa ekuhlolweni okwenziwayo (kucaciswe ngokuqhubekayo kokuthunyelwe), lolu hlobo lokuchema lungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekulungeni kwe-algorithm ethile.
Lokhu kuqonda okuyisisekelo kokuchema ekufundeni komshini kuzosetshenziswa ukuze kubhekwane nenkinga ngempumelelo kakhulu kokuthunyelwe kwakamuva.
Imicabango Final
Kulokhu kuhlolwa kokuchema ngaphakathi kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, sikhanyise imithelela ejulile enalo emhlabeni wethu oqhutshwa i-AI. Kusukela ezibonelweni zomhlaba wangempela ezifana nehlazo lenhlalakahle yezingane yase-Dutch kuya ezinhlobonhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezigaba nezinhlobo zokuchema, kusobala ukuthi ukuqaphela nokuqonda ukuchema kubaluleke kakhulu.
Nakuba izinselele ezibangelwa ukuchema - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingokomlando, i-algorithmic, noma ezibangelwa umsebenzisi - zibalulekile, azinakunqotshwa. Ngokuqonda okuqinile ngemvelaphi nokubonakaliswa kokuchema, sikuhlomela kangcono ukubhekana nakho. Kodwa-ke, ukuqashelwa nokuqonda kuyisiqalo nje.
Njengoba siqhubekela phambili kulolu chungechunge, ukugxila kwethu okulandelayo kuzoba kumathuluzi abambekayo nezinhlaka esinazo. Silinganisa kanjani izinga lokuchema kumamodeli we-AI? Futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu, siwunciphisa kanjani umthelela wawo? Lena imibuzo ecindezelayo esizocubungula kuyo ngokulandelayo, siqinisekise ukuthi njengoba i-AI iqhubeka nokuvela, ikwenza lokho ngendlela efanelekile futhi esebenzayo.
Idatha iyenziwe, kodwa ithimba lethu lingokoqobo!
Xhumana noSyntho futhi omunye wochwepheshe bethu uzoxhumana nawe ngesivinini sokukhanya ukuze ahlole inani ledatha yokwenziwa!